In early June 2023, legislation was proposed in the U.S. Congress to amend the U.S. Arms Export Control Act to provide an exemption for licensing of defence items for export to the United Kingdom (U.K.).
On 8 June 2023, the White House announced the “Atlantic Declaration” as a “Twenty-First Century U.S.-U.K. Economic Partnership to ensure that our unique alliance is adapted, reinforced, and reimagined for the challenges of this moment.”
And on 28 June 2023, the U.S. announced their agreement with the U.K., Australia, Canada, and New Zealand –to formally coordinate on the enforcement of each country’s export control regimes.
Expansion of coordination
The Atlantic Declaration is part of ongoing efforts between the U.S. and Five Eyes partners, such as the enhanced Australia, U.K., and U.S. (“AUKUS”) trilateral security partnership signed in 2021.
While export regimes have previously been harmonised to enable more efficient transfers of sensitive technologies, proposed legislation will further modernise U.S. export control rules to make the flow of sensitive technology and services between the U.S., and U.K. more efficient. Measures may include designation of Five Eyes partners as “domestic sources” to allow them to operate on a more equal footing with U.S. exporters and more targeted controls on certain sensitive technologies.
Proposed legislation will further modernise U.S. export control rules to make the flow of sensitive technology and services between the U.S. and U.K. more efficient.
Coordination on export control enforcement
The June 28, 2023, announcement signalled a collaborative endeavour by Australia, Canada, New Zealand, U.K., and U.S. to enhance global security through coordinated enforcement of their respective export control regimes – including those relating to Russia and Belarus.
Commonly referred to collectively as the “Five Eyes” – Australia, Canada, New Zealand, U.K., and U.S. – have historically worked closely on common defence and intelligence matters. They even have their own classified document designation "AUS/CAN/NZ/UK/US eyes only."
While the specific details of the pact were not released, the announcement signalled that the countries were jointly committed to facilitating the exchange of information related to export control violations, including trends in illicit procurement methods.
The announcement signalled that the countries were jointly committed to facilitating the exchange of information related to export control violations, including trends in illicit procurement methods.
The U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) issued a specific announcement concerning the new export control pact. Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Export Enforcement Matthew S. Axelrod clearly communicated the intended effect of the Five Eyes export enforcement pact – “By formalising our coordination, we hope to drive additional enforcement outcomes in each of the Five Eyes countries, including detentions, penalties, and public identification of diversionary actors.”
Axelrod also telegraphed the more immediate intended impact of the timing of the pact – “As is evidenced by today’s gathering, the United States and our Five Eyes partners stand united in our commitment to vigorous enforcement of the Russia and Belarus export restrictions,” – i.e., the support of Ukraine.
The pact will permit will enable each of the countries to leverage their enforcement resources and capacities to prevent evasion and violation of export controls, including Russia’s access to technologies used in its hostilities against Ukraine.
The pact will also minimise gaps in enforcement and permits joint investigations and coordinated enforcement actions. This new level of cooperation will help to prevent unauthorized exports, and to identify and address export evasion and diversion risks.
Expanded multijurisdictional export and sanctions enforcement will also enhance cooperation in defence sector.
Impact to international trade
The BIS announcement also noted an intent to strengthen partnerships with industry to better address diversion activities, with the goal of strengthening the resilience of global supply chains.
The proposed U.S. legislation would provide the U.K. with an improved status under International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR). Doing so would necessarily expedite trade by U.S. companies in defence articles to the U.K., and if the U.K. were to reciprocate, could result in an overall increase in both defence related trade and advanced research and development in controlled technologies. Conversely, from a business perspective and if passed, the Atlantic Declaration and possible new U.S. – U.K. export legislation will likely lessen licensing requirements and time delays for defence related sales, services, and R&D between the U.S. and the U.K.
From an operational perspective, companies engaged in international trade should remain diligent in their export compliance efforts. From a compliance perspective they should be aware that an export control violation may result in investigative referrals or liability across multiple jurisdictions.
From a compliance perspective, companies engaged in international trade should be aware that an export control violation may result in investigative referrals or liability across multiple jurisdictions.
Global Solutions team
Womble Bond Dickinson’s Global Solutions team guides clients in a full range of international business services, including cross-border trade. Our global trade services include all relevant regulatory compliance (export controls, foreign direct investment laws, economic/trade sanctions programs, anti-corruption, and anti-money laundering).
We also counsel clients in government contracts - including those involving international business - and advise at all stages of the contracting process, from the initial competition to final stages of completion. We guide contractors in regulatory compliance as well as dispute resolution and bid protests.
David Vance Lucas – WBD Global Solutions Team (U.S.)
For over three decades, David Vance Lucas has applied his legal, technological, and operational experience to craft strategic advice on intellectual property, international trade, and complex litigation matters – throughout the U.S., U.K. and Europe. He accumulated much of this experience while serving as general counsel for a global technology company and a clinical laboratory software company. David utilizes this experience and legal acumen to advise C-suites and boards of directors (public and private) on legal, compliance, and operational issues.
Robert A. Broadbent – WBD Global Solutions Team (U.S.)
Robert “Al” Broadbent represents clients in international trade and national security matters and government investigations in the commercial and defence sectors. Al served for more than three decades in the U.S. government, providing sound legal advice to senior national and military leaders. In addition to serving in senior legal roles at the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) and Department of Defense, Al served for 23 years as an active-duty U.S. Army Judge Advocate.
Stephen Anderson – WBD Global Solutions Team (U.K.)
Stephen Anderson joined the firm after having spent 12 years working in-house, formerly with NATS and then with BAE Systems. Prior to his in-house career, Stephen spent six years working with a major private practice law firm. During his career Stephen has worked on a very wide range of commercial bids and agreements including bids for government contracts (in relation to both U.K. and overseas customers).
Ashley Borthwick – WBD Global Solutions Team (U.K.)
Ashley specialises in regulatory compliance and litigation. He is instructed by leading brands in relation to all types of risk and compliance matters including trading standards, and trade compliance. Ashley also has significant experience acting for businesses under investigation or facing enforcement action in relation to regulatory offences, including export controls.
This article is part of Womble Bond Dickinson’s Growing Global series. For more insights, click here to visit our Growing Global hub.
